RISULTATI RICERCA

Il saggio trae spunto dal dibattito, dapprima sviluppatosi tra i civilisti ed oggi divenuto di inte-resse anche per i giuslavoristi, circa le funzioni del risarcimento del danno nel nostro ordina-mento. L’Autore evidenzia come il radicamento della responsabilità datoriale nell’ambito della responsabilità contrattuale, unitamente alle peculiarità della materia, imponga all’interprete un’attenta opera di valutazione di compatibilità delle acquisizioni raggiunte dalla civilistica con il diritto del lavoro.

L’Autore rilegge un saggio di Marco Biagi nell’ambito della ripresa delle riletture dei classici del diritto del lavoro, di cui ripercorre innanzitutto genesi e storia. Il saggio di Biagi viene es-senzialmente considerato un classico di relazioni industriali e, in particolare, un "classico moderno" proprio per l’impianto culturale e la finalizzazione concreta. Una prima parte della rilet-tura è dedicata alle scelte teoriche che lo ispirano, pluraliste e normativiste, messe a confronto con precisazioni ed evoluzioni degli studi di relazioni industriali di ieri e di oggi. La seconda parte invece analizza più specificamente la concezione di Biagi in ordine a cultura e istituti partecipativi, filtrata dall’esame delle direttive su Comitati aziendali europei, società europea e diritti di informazione e consultazione. Un ultimo paragrafo mette in luce come, dopo vent’anni, resti ancora molto da fare per promuovere un’evoluzione delle relazioni sindacali europee in senso partecipativo, come auspicava Marco Biagi, e come occorra probabilmente una normatività più incisiva da parte dell’Unione.

L’articolo evidenzia come la sostenibilità dello sviluppo comporta il superamento del paradig-ma dell’economia tradizionale in cui il sistema economico e l’ecosistema sono caratterizzati da correlazione lineare: il sistema economico prende dall’ecosistema risorse naturali ed energia e restituisce scarti e rifiuti. Il nuovo paradigma dell’economia circolare promuove l’adozione di schemi di produzione e consumo a ciclo chiuso e la nascita di Parchi Eco-industriali per au-mentare l’efficienza dell’uso delle risorse al fine di ottenere un migliore equilibrio e una mag-giore armonia fra economia, società ed ambiente.

Con il Green deal europeo la sostenibilità ambientale è divenuta un criterio centrale delle poli-tiche europee di sviluppo e non più un mero limite esterno delle stesse. Nello stesso tempo, le azioni finalizzate alla decarbonizzazione dell’economia possono e devono essere un’occasione per far ridiventare l’uguaglianza sostanziale e la sostenibilità sociale una priorità, un parametro centrale e fondante delle scelte politiche. È possibile che il paradigma di intervento che la Commissione ha iniziato a definire non sia idoneo a realizzare tali obiettivi a causa della sua insufficiente radicalità. Peraltro, prima di arrivare a tale conclusione, appare opportuno valutare approfonditamente contenuti reali e potenzialità di tale modello. Il saggio intende essere un contributo in quella direzione.

Il saggio ha l’obiettivo di aprire una discussione tra gli studiosi di diritto del lavoro e di diritto costituzionale intorno alla modifica della Costituzione sulla tutela dell’ambiente e alle sue conseguenze in ordine al compromesso capitale e lavoro. I problemi affrontati sono: il rapporto tra impresa, lavoro e ambiente, l’alleanza "lavoro-ambiente" come limite al capitalismo, la c.d. green just transition, i soggetti portatori nelle relazioni industriali della tutela ambientale. Per affrontare queste sfide il saggio elabora una teoria dell’ambiente basata su una concezione pre-scrittiva della Costituzione, e indica gli orizzonti del bilanciamento derivanti dalla gerarchia positiva stabilita tra i valori concernenti la libertà d’impresa, la tutela del lavoro e la protezione dell’ambiente. Il saggio si chiude proponendo una nuova lettura della Costituzione guidata dal principio per cui la Repubblica è fondata sull’ambiente.

The outcome of resources and globalization on growth and the quality of the environment among SANE (South Africa, Algeria and Nigeria) nations from 1990 to 2020 was investigated in this study. Economic growth and environmental degradation are the dependent variables, whereas the independent variables are natural resources, population, foreign direct invest- ment, trade openness, globalization, domestic credit to private sector by banks and investment. The study utilizes FMOLS and Granger Causality estimation procedure. Findings from the environmental degradation outcome suggest that per capita gross domestic product, gross fixed capital formation and globalization have positive significant impact on the regressand while trade openness has adverse significant impact on environmental degradation. The result from the economic growth model indicates that natural resources and total population posi- tively and significantly influence per capita gross domestic product. The Granger causality outcome predicts a uni-directional relationship that runs from environmental degradation to globalization, and a one-way causality from globalization to per capita gross domestic prod- uct. Also, a uni-directional causal relationship was observed from natural resources to glob- alization. Based on the outcome, the study recommends that investment in clean technologies should be given high precedence, and since these greener technologies are capital intensive, there is a need for the provision of adequate finance to the private sector to procure these technologies as these would help to alleviate the challenge of degradation of the environment, and increase the value of the environment in the SANE nations.

The objective of the study is to identify scenarios relating to solar and wind renewable energy technologies by 2035 in Morocco, and to simulate their socio-economic effects (GDP, Value added by sector and employment). This consists in calculating the effect of these scenarios in comparison with a trend scenario that extends recent developments and takes into account the industrial integration policy already decided on both solar and wind technologies. The methodology applied is based on a dynamic Input-Output (IO) model. Three simulation sce- narios are discussed in this study for the assessment of the socio-economic impacts of con- centrated solar power, photovoltaic and wind energy on the Moroccan economy during the period 2020-2035. Also, a comparative analysis between the scenarios developed and the tar- gets indicated in the national strategies, in terms of economic and job creation indicators, reveals a significant potential in terms of job creation and value added.

The ethanol blended petrol (EBP) programme of 2018 is a policy framework designed to pro- mote the availability of ethanol in the Indian market and to increase its blending percentage in petrol. The paper focuses on the features, current challenges and critically analyzes EBP 2018. It also compares EBP 2018 with the ethanol blending policies of leading nations and suggests remedial measures. EBP 2009 had proposed a 20% blending target for ethanol in petrol by 2017, while EBP 2018 has fixed a 10% ethanol blending target by 2022 and 20% by 2030. The ethanol blending target could not be achieved till now and the current blending rate stood at 2%. Taxes and inter-state controls on the trading and transportation of molasses and non-potable ethanol by various states in India coupled with their set aside allotment continue to derail the implementation of the EBP programme. EBP 2018 proposed differential pricing and incentives for 2G ethanol versus 1G ethanol which is regressive. The paper also analyses whether the ethanol blending and other policy measures had the desired impact on realization of EBP goals and on socio-economic development.

Climate change and global warming during the recent decades are posing formidable chal- lenges to ecosystems. Nevertheless, changing the climate system due to extreme weather events such as cold spells, high temperatures, droughts, and heat waves have been recorded all over the world. Particularly, it has become less accurate to predict the weather in some European regions using a short time series without considering the extreme values events in the estimated model. Thus, forecasting the behaviour of climate needs more accurate statisti- cal techniques to be used. The main objective of this experimental study is to detect the best robust scale or robust location estimator to model the relationship between CO2 emissions, fossil fuel consumption and gross domestic product by considering the influence of different types of extreme weather events in the panel data of Mediterranean Europe countries over the period 1960-2020. The findings show that the MM-estimator is the best robust estimator han- dling data with high efficiency and high breakdown point with the existence of different types of extreme weather events. In conclusion, the robust MM-estimator could be used to provide an innovative integrated climate-economic approach for the accurate prediction of carbon emissions.

This study revisits the role technological innovation plays in fostering environmental quality in South Africa over the period 1960-2020. Unlike the previous studies, the work employs the novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) simulations framework to assess the positive and negative changes in technological innovation, scale effect, technique effect, for- eign direct investment, energy consumption, urbanization, industrial growth, and trade open- ness on CO2 emissions. Second, the paper uses the Squalli &Wilson (2011)’s innovative meas- ure of trade openness to overcome the limitations associated with the conventional trade in- tensity. Third, the study uses the frequency domain causality (FDC) approach developed by Breitung & Candelon (2006) to robustly capture permanent causality for long, short, and me- dium-term associations among the variables examined. Fourth, the paper employs the second- generation econometric procedures, which take into account the multiple structural breaks considerably overlooked by previous works. For South Africa, our empirical results reveal that: (i) technological innovation contributes to lower CO2 emissions in the short- and long run; (ii) while technique effect improves environmental quality, the scale effect largely con- tributes to escalate CO2 emissions, thus confirming that the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis holds; (iii) urbanization, industrial value-added, foreign direct investment and energy consumption increase CO2 emissions; (iv) trade openness contributes to worsen environmental degradation in the long run; (v) scale effect, technique effect, technological innovation, energy consumption, foreign direct investment, trade openness, urbanization, and industrial growth Granger-cause CO2 emissions in the short, medium and long run showing that these variables are fundamental to determine environmental quality. In light of our em- pirical evidence, this paper suggests that South Africa’s government and policymakers could consider the role of technological innovation as a clean source of technology in achieving energy security and fostering environmental quality in the country.

This study aims to determine the forces and factors driving the change in CO2 emissions in Algeria in 2000-2019. The analytical decomposition methodology used is the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI), which enables us to know the role and magnitude of the impact of economic activity, structural changes, energy intensity, energy mix, and emission factors on the change in CO2 emissions. The results revealed that the total emissions are rising during the period 2000-2019 and that economic activity is the primary driving force for the increase in CO2 emissions in Algeria. Furthermore, the deterioration of energy efficiency and the trans- formation of the Algerian economy into an energy-intensive sector (the service sector at the expense of the industrial and agricultural sector), the energy intensity factor, and the economic structure factor did not help reduce the levels of CO2 emissions. Additionally, the energy mix factor contributed to a slight increase in emissions. In the context of following up on the im- plementation of the National Program for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency and its role in reducing the levels of CO2 emissions, it was found that the program failed to achieve its objectives during the first half of its implementation 2011-2020. These results indicate that public policymakers in Algeria should be strict in implementing the National Energy Program by 2030 by dissolving the conflict between economic growth and climate change policy

In this study, we investigate the consequences of oil price shocks on Algerian economic growth, both on an aggregated and a disaggregated level. We adopt the method used in (Kilian, 2009) in which global oil supply shocks, global demand shocks, and anticipated demand shocks are defined. We use a two structural VAR models. The first model identifies shocks to oil prices using monthly data on oil production, oil real prices, and indicators of global eco- nomic activity. The second model describes the dynamics of a set of macroeconomic varia- bles: real overall GDP, hydrocarbon GDP, agricultural GDP, construction GDP, and interna- tional trade variables. To grasp the impact of oil shocks on sectoral growth, the model is aug- mented via three external shocks identified in the first stage. Our results are twofold. First, they show the significance of the oil price shocks’ impact on the Algerian economy. Second, they indicate an asymmetry in this impact. Negative shocks to oil prices have depressive ef- fects on economic activity as a whole, including the non-hydrocarbon sector. We detect a delay-effect; global demand shocks affect economic sectors after 5-7 quarters, whereas oil price shocks affect the hydrocarbon sector after 1-2 quarters only.

Renewable energy communities (RECs) are legal entities where citizens, small-to-medium en- terprises (SMEs) and local authorities join to manage cooperatively energy from renewable sources. Since the regulation requires to evaluate energy fluxes on the hour base, the operative control and performance assessment of these new energy hubs become complex and require the handling of data such as production from renewable energy sources (RES) and end user con- sumption, that are intrinsically affected by uncertainties. In this contribution, an optimization tool for the operational management of a REC is proposed. RECs can contain renewable energy technologies (photovoltaic or solar thermal panels, biofuel burners), electric, heating and cooling end users and coupling components (e.g., heat pumps). The tool can be used at the planning level to compare different REC configurations based on their performances, assuming optimal man- agement of the available technologies. In this paper, the tool is tested in the simulation of three case studies of collective self-consumption (that in Italy is a REC where all end users are in the same building), located at different latitudes of the Italian country.

With the development of decentralized sources of electricity generation, different ways of organizing electricity exchanges at the local level have been developed. The literature has studied extensively over the past decade how local exchanges can take place. This has resulted in different concepts reflecting different perimeters of study. However, the perimeters of these different concepts are not always well defined in the literature, which can lead to some con- fusion about the organization of the local market under study. There is a lack of harmonization because different terms may be used for the same concept or the same term may be used for several concepts. This paper aims to propose a harmonization of the different concepts for the study of local markets including local energy markets, peer-to-peer trading, local flexibility markets, microgrids, energy communities and transactive energy. These concepts are com- pared by identifying the characteristics of each. For this purpose, a literature review was per- formed in order to understand the context in which these concepts emerged and to identify their specific characteristics. Moreover, this paper proposes to analyze the economic challenges of local exchanges by identifying the economic incentives and solutions developed to make business models viable.

As part of the ongoing transition towards decarbonisation and decentralisation of energy systems, collective self-consumption and Energy Communities (ECs) have become increasingly relevant in Europe as several concepts have emerged, framed by two EU directives. However, their potential to become a standard organisational model is still uncertain, as the structure of ECs may jeopardise existing market principles and increase system costs. This article provides an overview of the state of the art of national transpositions of ECs by reviewing recent studies on European implementation and energy-sharing strategies, particularly regarding peer-topeer trading. These approaches raise fundamental questions about the financial viability and development of the electricity system and are compared to the latest experimental findings. Hence significant barriers are pointed out and key implications for self-consumption and EC policies are given to elaborate adapted national conditions for ECs and to ensure adequate tariff reforms. This paper identifies the need for further investigation on national approaches to enable the efficient and sustainable development of ECs. Moreover, in the interest of the consumer’s well-being and the well-functioning of the market, a multidisciplinary approach should be integrated that incorporates adapted regulations and appropriate framework conditions for ECs according to the prevailing economic and social context.