RISULTATI RICERCA

In the age of globalization, in a world where states are multi-ethnic, there is no country whose inhabitants speak only one language. In most countries, official or regional languages are used along with the state language, and some minor lan-guages are endowed with a special status. Therefore, for any state, language policy is of particular importance, as it affects many areas of public life. For multina-tional states, language policy is an important tool for consolidating society, main-taining interethnic harmony and linguistic diversity. In the Republic of Kazakh-stan, where representatives of many nationalities, language policy plays a special role in ensuring ethno-political stability and sustainability unity of the nation. This article describes the sustainable development of the language policy of sovereign Kazakhstan, it considers the main stages and directions of state language regula-tion, the current state, current problems and the results of the implementation of state programs for the development of languages are studied. In conclusion, con-clusions are formulated about the effectiveness of the ongoing state language pol-icy, the problems and prospects for its development.

The agroecosystem is an integral part of the natural resources available to human beings for use and the continuation of the life cycle on Earth. Agroecosystems are complex systems where many species interact with ecological processes at differ-ent spatial scales and strong interactions between environmental and management procedures (Loeuille et al., 2013). Therefore, these systems encompass ecological-ly, and decision networks connected and perform different functions, leading to a wide range of ecosystem services. They are also linked at the landscape scale, making their management difficult. However, these complex interactions can be formalized within the general concepts of interaction networks, and these can be used to elaborate the interactions within and between ecology and management explicitly. Without an agroecosystem, life on this Earth will stop, and the drivers of all ecological life cycles will not continue functioning. Energy is the essential factor that makes the working process of human survivability possible. According to World Population Clock, human population growth is alarming in Egypt (i.e., 104 million people and continues to increase by 2.2 million people annually [Macro-trends about Egyptian Population Growth Rate). Therefore, the ecological human imprint will impact Egyptian Earth’s natural resources in the form of more con-sumption and demands that will affect Egyptian social and economic issues. Sustainability will be accomplished if we live within the concept of nature, control-ling our human population growth to reduce the impacts of the demands of natu-ral resources. In this respect, sustainability will not be achieved by economic growth alone; instead, the biosphere's natural resources must be able to replenish and allow the natural resources to regenerate themselves to support the growing human population. Egypt’s agroecosystems are facing declining fertile lands, reduction in water re-sources, and expansion of the human population on the agricultural lands for housing and other activities without control. The concentration of the Human Population of Egypt is occupying 4-5% of the total land. It is due to the lack of infrastructure available in the rest of the lands of Egypt (i.e., 96- 97% is desert ex-cept around the river Nile). The Ecological Human Imprint (EHI), as indicated by Shakir Hanna et al. 2017, is a measuring tool for assessing the carrying capacity of an area regarding the use of the planet's natural resources. Therefore, the "Egyp-tian Agroecosystem Human Imprint Assessment (EAHIA) Model" (Shakir Hanna, 2021) indicates the magnitude of the impact of the growing human population on the agroecosystems of Egypt. In addition, the model predicts that the human pop-ulation will reach 187 million people in the year 2050 and may be double by the year 2100 in a reasonable assumption of increased human population growth rate at 1.1%; otherwise, there will be disastrous conditions and the spread of the "Hun-ger Revolution." In addition, the model will calculate the agroecosystem lands, water resources availability, and their production and productivity and economy in Egypt. It predicts the changes and impacts of agriculture systems economically and socially in Egypt and promotes conservation to save agricultural lands from deterioration.

Green façades consist of the application of vegetation on buildings’ vertical enve-lope. The integration of vegetation into the building fabric improves not only the aesthetic appearance, but also the energy performance of the building itself. The introduction of green façades mainly aims at a passive thermal control of build-ings’ for enhancing sustainability of the built environment. An experimental green façade was tested at the University of Bari, in a Mediterranean climate context. The experimental green façade was south-exposed and realized with evergreen plants, following the characteristics of the indirect typology. A portion of the south wall was left bare to be used as a control for comparison. The contribution of the green façade in terms of passive climate control was particularly relevant during summer. Vegetation affects the boundary climatic conditions and the surface temperature. A reduction in sensible air and surface temperature of up to 2.2°C and 6.7°C, respectively, was recorded. The wall behind vegetation received 95.6% less solar radiative energy than the bare wall. These results were a direct conse-quence of the two main cooling mechanisms that characterize the green façade, the evapotranspiration and the shading effect. These effects affected the heat transfer reducing the energy input through the covered wall. The reduction of the incoming heat through the covered wall was read as energy saving, since it inevita-bly affects the building energy demand for cooling. It was found that the green fa-çade allowed a mean daily energy saving of 1.1 MJ m-2 and that 90.9% of this was obtained at daytime. These findings contribute to increasing the knowledge of en-ergy functioning and of the real advantages provided by green façades.

The aim of this study was to examine the perceptions of different professionals who are working in the construction industry about construction accounting, within the context of construction project management and development. A primarily quantitative research approach was used in this study. The researcher developed a bespoke survey questionnaire as the research instrument. This research instrument was then used in the collection of the data from the respondents. Considering that this study was implemented at the height of the Covid-19 pandemic, the data gathering procedures had to be conducted virtually. The sample population used in the present study was composed of 100 individuals (N = 100). These 100 individu-als have already been working as accountants in a company that is operating in the construction industry for at least 1 year at the time of the study’s implementa-tion. The participants’ responses to the survey questionnaire were collected and then sorted using Microsoft Excel. The corresponding scores were then analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. This was done by determining the frequency (percentage) of the participants who chose a specific answer to every question in the survey. In conclusion, if quality, efficiency, and profitability are a construction firm’s main focus, then there is a good chance that the use of construction ac-counting or its integration in the construction project management and sustainable development process would be of great help. However, if the goal is to shorten the project delivery timeframe, or to improve the project completion rates (i.e., productivity), then chances are the construction firms should stay away from con-struction accounting, at least at the moment.

The aim of this study is to propose a new approach to decision making based on information variety endowment and configuration. The research adopts an exploratory methodology and a qualitative approach, deepening and analyzing both academic and non-academic studies. The study found the existence of general characteristics in the dynamics of human behavior and in that of social phenomena, characters that lead to specific paths of decision and action based on information variety endowment of decision makers. The developed conceptualization needs verification through appropriate tools and tested in empirical settings. The study can support the decision-making process of individuals, organizations, and whole societies - understood as viable systems - in the current dynamic and unpredictable context. This is the first work to propose an absential approach for the framing of managerial problems, recognizing that current methodologies are not capable of effectively responding to uncertainty and unpredictability of the melted result of economic, political, and social environments interaction. Eventually, this is the first work to engage in a mathematical demonstration of decision-making essentiality.

The current study investigates the impact of board gender diversity (BGD) on family firms’ (FFs) engagement in corporate environmental responsibility (CER) practices. The role of BGD in CER policies has been explored in light of critical mass theory by identifying the threshold of women share on board that can influence the environmental commitment of FFs. By employing a fixed-effect (FE) regression analysis on a global sample of 171 FFs, over the 2015-2020 study period, our findings show that when BGD reaches a certain threshold, i.e. critical mass, the CER engagement of FFs increases. These evidences advance prior literature on the link between BGD and CER while providing additional indications for managers, policy makers and FFs seeking the best CER performance.

Accounting information has a strong political meaning, and cases of accounting failure demonstrate that the regulation and standard are far from saving accountants from making mistake and auditors from failing to recognize the errors. European financial report SoA (Statement of Assurance) offer guidelines for the proper depiction of an entity, but, in the settlement of the accounting practice, there is still plenty of room for the personal professional opinions of the prepares. So this paper use after a quantitative (descriptive and mathematical approach) a qualitative research: "Argea Case", to discuss a modification of organization settings of an Italian paying agencies, it’s reflexes in efficiency and effectiveness of public spending. As a result, a high risk of losing accounting credibility affects all the participants in the preparation, reviewer and approval of the accounting data that are published and then restated; above all, it reduces the credibility of the paying agency releasing the official financial report affected by mistakes. All these aspects describe the audit implosion in European affairs and how future payments from EU policy are conditioned by the inability to formalize agreements and contracts between auditors, consultants and the government of paying agency; fueling uncertainty, risks and unpredictability events about the quality of  EU public spending.

The generational succession in family firms is a typical and inevitable event in corporate evolution. In particular, the Italian production system must constantly reckon with generational succession as it affects about 80,000 companies annually. It is very important that this process is carefully managed because, in Italy, only 31% of family firms survive their founder and only 13% go on to the third generation. The aim of this paper is to indicate the most frequent mistakes made by family firms during the generational transition, through the identification of best practices summarized in six building blocks collected from the literature. In order to substantiate the theoretical argumentations, the article analyzes a case study concerning the family firm Mapei S.p.A., which has recently faced its second generational handover through a virtuous process in all its aspects.

The heritage marketing strategy often calls for the employment of a corporate museum to represent the firm’s history in the eyes of internal and external observers. However, to date there has been no attempt to identify the distinctive values underlying the use of corporate museums by family firms - as opposed to non-family firms - for nurturing customers’ understanding and appreciation of the company and its products. This paper aims to address this gap and investigate the identity values that drive the establishment of corporate museums by family firms and non-family firms. Using a comparative case-study (CCS) approach, the paper examines the values underlying two examples of corporate museums promoted by two different firms, one with a high level and one with a low level of family control. The study reveals differing distinctive values between family and non-family corporate museums.

This paper examines how business families use family foundations to revitalize "dead money" while increasing the reputation of the business family and its firms through charitable giving. The Wang & He (2018) model is applied from 2001 to 2019 to a sample of 100 US family foundations (two for each federal state) with about USD 1 million in assets. Results indicate that business families revitalize "dead money" through family foundations by investing it across different revenue sources, namely bonds, cash investments, and stocks, generating inflows in terms of dividends, interests, and net gains due to asset sales. However, family foundations hold much of these inflows as disposable net equity. Therefore, their administrative structure remains too basic, preventing operating margins from growing. Nonetheless, family foundations stay highly involved in charitable giving to do well to the reputation of the business family and its firms while doing good to society. Overall, we conclude that business families, through family foundations, partially succeed in revitalizing "dead money".

One key strategy for unifying the discipline of psychology is to develop a meta-theoretical framework through the advancement of core concepts.  Rather than having these be strictly defined from the outset, this commentary argues for the utility of open-ended concepts for scientific advancement. This is illustrated with a brief historical review and current status of Prägnanz, assimiliation-accommodation, schema, liminality and mediation, which also show the difficulties on finding core concepts for psychology as a whole. Open-ended concepts may be useful here in that they can help to bring together converging lines of research from different approaches within psychology. Finally, a case is made for mediationas a core concept that is currently converging with notions of extended and distributed cognition. 

I expand the efforts to overcome compartmentalization of clinical psychology by reversing the notion of causality to that of resistance, and specify the structure of such resistance. Clinical practices produce psychological knowledge of general kind that leads to the adoption of the basic world view of idiographic science as the basic framework for systemic analysis of generic cases and thus feeds forward to further improvement of the clinical practices. Three directions for the future are outlined: clinical psychology builds on the systemic efforts of idiographic science, used historically structured non-random sampling of lived-through experiences, and situates its generalized knowledge within life-course developmental perspectives.

The ability to allow unitary meaning to emerge from the fragmentation of theoretical approaches in psychology may come from posing methodological attention to one facet of observed behaviors, that of relationships. The author aims at creating opportunity for establishing a thought process for the reader on the ongoing enactment of separating the objective from the subjective nature in psychological inquiry and theoretical formulations within the field. This written contribution can be seen as a participation in a dialogue with other authors in response to the position paper of the current issue by advocating for a meta-theory that unifies diverse theories and observations while also attributing relevance to specialized areas of study and intervention in psychology that partake in a recursive relationship with each other. In conclusion, the author also articulates ideas on the stance that a unitary meta-theory in psychology grounded on the relevance of intersubjectivity can offer to current collective or societal crises.

The commentary deals with multiplicity vs unity in psychology, contrasting the compartmentalization of psychology as several different disciplines.The problem has significant repercussions on the professional level, given that the psychologist under Italian law is authorized to work in all fields of the psychological profession, except psychotherapy for which specialist training is required. Possible unifying criteria, epistemology and methods common to the entire psychological science are sought. The applicative aspects for training, in light of the new norms on the qualifying degree in psychology, are discussed.

The paper presents the results of an analysis aimed at mapping the themes through which covid-19 is represented in some Italian newspapers and the semantic structure that grounds and shapes the content of those themes. For this purpose, the ACASM (Automated Co-occurrence Analysis for Semantic Mapping) procedure was used and applied to a text corpus consisting of a set of national newspaper articles balanced by source, political orientation and publication period. The results show that Italian newspapers represented the pandemic according to four specific themes based on two semantic structures. The implications of these results are discussed.

Our world is full of sounds, either verbal or non-verbal, pleasant or unpleasant, meaningful or simply irrelevant noise. Understanding, memorizing, and predicting the sounds, even non-verbal ones which our environment is full of, is a complex perceptuo-cognitive function that we constantly refine by everyday experience and learning. Musical sounds are a peculiar case due to their culture-dependent complexity and hierarchical organization requiring cognitive functions such as memory to be understood, and due to the presence of individuals (musicians) who dedicate their lifetime to master the specifics of those sounds and rules. Thus far, most of the neuroimaging research focused on verbal sounds and how they are processed and stored in the human brain. Only recently, researchers have tried to elucidate the neural mechanisms and structures allowing non-verbal, musical sounds to be modeled, predicted and remembered. However, those neuroimaging studies often provide only a mere snapshot of a complex dynamic process unfolding over time. To capture the complexity of musical memory and cognition, new methods are needed. A promising analysis method is dynamic functional connectivity, which assumes that functional connectivity changes in a short time. We conclude that moving from a locationist to a dynamic perspective on auditory memory might allow us to finally comprehend the neural mechanisms that regulate encoding and retrieval of sounds.