RISULTATI RICERCA

This study presents a comprehensive framework for Libya’s transition to a green economy, focusing on reducing carbon emissions from energy generation through carbon capture, sequestration and storage, renewable integration and other sustainable policies. Our technical, economic and environmental assessment indicates that Libya can achieve netzero carbon emissions by 2065, with renewable energy accounting for about 81% of the national energy mix by 2055. The implementation approach prioritizes projects based on the condition and remaining lifespan of current power plants. Four steam stations (1,240 MW) are set to be decommissioned and replaced with renewable power fields and afforestation, while two stations (2,355 MW) with less than a decade of operational life are unsuitable for solar fuel conversion, leaving natural gas, carbon capture, wind energy, and afforestation as the preferred pathways. For the remaining 11 stations (5,392 MW), a combination of natural gas conversion, carbon capture, renewable expansion, and afforestation will be implemented concurrently, with additional clean generating facilities introduced separately. The transition plan in the electricity sector involves an estimated $40.6 billion in investment, with yearly operational expenses of roughly $165 million. Renewable energy deployment comprises solar PV, concentrated solar power, wind farms, marine energy, and geothermal facilities, all intended to replace old units and meet future demand. Pilot projects like the Brack hybrid renewable station demonstrate that complete energy coverage may be achieved while lowering dependency on fossil fuels and CO2 emissions. Furthermore, largescale afforestation initiatives will help to reduce carbon emissions and ensure further environmental benefits, with return on investment through the sale of CO2 credits commencing within the first few years. Collectively, these policies provide a realistic route for Libya to develop a sustainable, diverse, and lowcarbon power industry.

Electrification of individual mobility is pivotal to Europe’s decarbonization strategy. Italy’s participation in this trajectory is significant, given the size of its car fleet. The final update of Italy’s National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) sets ambitious targets of 4.3 million fullelectric cars (BEVs) and 2.3 million plugin hybrid cars (PHEVs) on the roads by 2030. However, by the end of 2024, Italy had only about 280,000 BEVs, representing 0.7% of the total car fleet and 7% of the 2030 target. This study aims to assess the potential for BEV penetration in Italy in the coming years and evaluate the alignment of current adoption trends with the NECP target. Diffusion projections are made using Bass and logistic models under two different scenarios. Both scenarios suggest that, without substantial changes, the current diffusion path may fall short of meeting the NECP 2030 target. Although some barriers to the adoption of fullelectric vehicles have been addressed, new challenges have arisen. Accelerating the replacement of durable goods, including internal combustion engine vehicles, is unrealistic, and the decarbonization strategy, as outlined in Regulation (EU) 851/2023, is expected to extend beyond the original timeframe, requiring adjustments to the current strategic plan.

One of the main contemporary problems is the disruption of the ecological balance caused by pollution, deterioration, and destruction of natural systems. During periods of armed conflict, when environmental destruction is often used as a tactic of war, this issue becomes even more dangerous. However, the Rome Statute of the ICC covers environmental crimes only to a certain extent, and international law still lacks an effective system of liability for significant environmental damage. The purpose of the article is to investigate the criminal law and ecological law aspects of ecocide, to substantiate the need of its recognition as a separate international crime, and to assess the Ukrainian experience as a potential legal precedent for shaping new approaches in international criminal law. The article proposes a comprehensive interdisciplinary study of ecocide in the context of national and international law using a wide range of scientific methods, including analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, abstraction, and generalization.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), when combined with Quality stocks, have demonstrated high returns even in a scenario of market instability. This paper combines bibliometric analysis and systematic review to investigate the intersection of ESG scores and Quality anomalies. A filtered sample of 952 papers from the Web of Science and Scopus databases is analyzed. The study reveals that Quality Anomaly with ESG has grown significantly since 2012, driven by sustainable finance initiatives, with the U.S., China, and the UK leading research in this area. Finally, the paper provides directions for future research, highlighting gaps and opportunities for integrating ESG scores into financial anomaly studies and asset pricing models. This research offers valuable perspectives for academia, practitioners, and policymakers aiming to enhance financial strategies with sustainability insights.

Renewable Energy Communities, strongly sustained by the European Community as a viable way to fasten low carbon transition, slowly develop in Italy for regulatory. This study delves into the framework of Renewable Energy Communities and explores the perspective of the specifically small and medium industries in the Lombardy region of Italy through a survey. Our findings reveal that while those industries exhibit interest in Renewable Energy Communities, there is a notable gap in knowledge and engagement. We argue that the active involvement of Public Administration Bodies is crucial in disseminating information about Renewable Energy Communities and highlighting their benefits. The survey results, elaborated through a nonparametric test (MannWhitney U test) indicate that Public Administration Bodies play a pivotal role in influencing perceptions and willingness to participate in Renewable Energy Communities. The data suggest that more direct and effective communication strategies by local Public Bodies could significantly enhance Small and Medium Industries’ understanding and involvement in Renewable Energy Communities due to interpersonal trust. This research underscores the need for targeted and strategic efforts by local Public Bodies to foster a more informed and proactive approach among Small and Medium Industries towards renewable energy initiatives. Such endeavors could be instrumental in accelerating the adoption of Renewable Energy Communities, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient energy future.

The purpose of the study is to establish the role of climate change threat in shaping national strategies and foreign policy relations of the actors in international relations. The methods of the study include document analysis of international agreements and national legislation, case studies, and comparative analysis in the context of differences in approaches to climate communication. The results of the study demonstrate that the rhetoric of European Union officials and aspects of European climate strategies position the EU as a leader in adapting to climate threats. Climate communications within the United States are more focused on informing the population about climate change, while foreign policy environmental institutions aim to fully protect the country’s national interests. Moreover, considering that the industrial sector of the People’s Republic of China is a leader in greenhouse gas emissions, a substantial threat lies in the potential deviation from commitments under the Paris Agreement. Conversely, the United States government has demonstrated some of the most progressive actions in mobilising resources within the framework of climate communications. An example of this is the executive order “Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad” and the Inflation Reduction Act. Within the European Union, a similar practice is represented by the European Green Deal, which frequently appears in mass media and has a transparent reporting system, enhancing climate literacy and awareness among broad segments of the population. Thus, the climate communication and diplomacy of the European Union focus on raising awareness both within and beyond its borders, while the US government prioritises foreign policy interests within its climate strategies. In contrast, the rhetoric of the government of the People’s Republic of China highlights the challenges in achieving the targets set by the Paris Agreement within the timeframe leading up to 2030.

Renewable energy (RE) transition has been considered the new generation of solutions for reducing the high dependence on fossil fuels. However, there is a lack of understanding of the energy challenges that prompt RE development. Therefore, we aim to identify the main challenges which energy policy must overcome to achieve a renewable energy system (RES) in emerging countries. We conducted 27 semistructured interviews with key stakeholders involved in shaping sustainable innovation policies in Brazil. Based on five challenging factors, we identify the main challenges and propose actions to mitigate them toward developing a RES. Our results show that the Brazilian context comprises subchallenges: lack of a consolidated national industry, policy and program consolidation, innovation actors, environmental and awareness activities. In addition, the findings show many opportunities regarding electric mobility and Industry 4.0. Our results can support policymakers’ decisions regarding energy transition challenges and ways to overcome the related problems not only in Brazil but also in other developing countries.

Questo studio riguarda la valutazione d'impatto sociale di un'iniziativa di sport sociale rivolta a minori e giovani adulti autori di reato. L’attività valutativa, che si inserisce nel complesso contesto dei Servizi minorili della Giustizia caratterizzato da finalità rieducative e dalle sfide poste dalle nuove forme di devianza, ha adottato un approccio di valutazione realista. L’articolo affronta un caso di valutazione complesso per la molteplicità di stakeholder coinvolti e per il valore che l’esito della valutazione può dare a progetti futuri. I risultati evidenziano un elevata soddisfazione degli stakeholder, una percezione positiva dell'impatto educativo e sociale del progetto, confermando la valenza pedagogica dello sport. Il successo è attribuito a una combinazione di fattori contestuali e meccanismi attivati nei partecipanti. Vengono discusse anche le criticità emerse, le implicazioni degli interventi di sport sociale in ambito penale e per la valutazione realista in contesti complessi.

L’articolo approfondisce il sistema di valutazione delle politiche attive del lavoro, con riferimento specifico alla Garanzia Giovani. L’attività valutativa si inscrive in un rinnovato quadro di governance delle politiche attive del lavoro che, a partire dal D. Lgs. 150/2015, ha visto la nascita dell’Agenzia Nazionale Politiche Attive del Lavoro (ANPAL) chiamata a svolgere un ruolo di coordinamento della rete dei servizi per il lavoro. La presenza di una funzione valutativa incardinata all’interno dell’Agenzia ha definito un sistema di valutazione innovativo e inedito nel contesto italiano. Tale sistema ha favorito un’efficace relazione tra policy maker e valutatori nella definizione e attuazione del disegno valutativo. In particolare, gli autori sostengono che nel caso di valutazioni di progetto la relazione fiduciaria tra i diversi attori contribuisce ad una migliore individuazione dei bisogni valutativi con un maggiore impatto sul policy making.

La valutazione ex-ante è un processo cruciale nella valutazione dei progetti, volto a garantire qualità e coerenza con gli obiettivi di policy prima dell’implementazione. Questo articolo esamina la valutazione ex-ante dei progetti del Servizio Civile Universale Provinciale (SCUP) di Trento, analizzando la coerenza dei giudizi dei valutatori nell’arco di un decennio. Sebbene le valutazioni abbiano mostrato una coerenza generale, è emersa una certa variabilità, dovuta più a bias cognitivi e incoerenze di giudizio ("noise") che a reali differenze tra i progetti. Discutendo i fattori di questa variabilità, l’articolo sostiene che la variabilità nel giudizio degli esperti è inevitabile ma gestibile. Riconoscere e affrontare bias e noise attraverso il raffinamento collaborativo dei criteri e un’analisi condivisa dei progetti è essenziale sia per garantire valutazioni coerenti e credibili, sia per preservare la funzione di sviluppo della valutazione nel contesto delle politiche pubbliche.

Il Programma Garanzia per l’Occupabilità dei Lavoratori (GOL) delinea un nuovo paradigma nell'erogazione dei servizi da parte dei servizi pubblici per l'impiego, basato su un approccio personalizzato che tiene conto delle diverse esigenze degli utenti, non solo in termini di competenze professionali da acquisire o potenziare, ma anche delle loro condizioni socio-economiche. Il primo passo nell'assistenza agli utenti da parte dei centri per l’impiego (CPI) consiste in un orientamento di base, fornito attraverso un processo di profilazione (assessment) quanti-qualitativo che il Programma ha ridefinito adottando una nuova metodologia. A poco più di 18 mesi dall'avvio del Programma GOL, appare utile analizzare la corretta implementazione degli strumenti di assessment, e la loro efficacia nell’individuare il percorso personalizzato di politica attiva del lavoro più idoneo rispetto ai bisogni dell’individuo. Il lavoro parte dalle seguenti domande di ricerca: Quali sono le principali variabili che influenzano l'esito finale della valutazione? Quali di queste non sono osservate dal modello quantitativo ma sono identificate nel profiling qualitativo? Ci sono caratteristiche che non possono essere osservate né nel modello quantitativo né nel questionario di profiling qualitativo che solo l'intervista e la sensibilità dell'operatore possono cogliere e tradurre in bisogni?. L’obiettivo è quello di rendere espliciti i punti di forza e di criticità dell’intero modello di assessment e, di conseguenza, individuare alcune strategie di miglioramento, nel presupposto che un efficiente e affidabile sistema di profilazione garantisce innanzitutto un servizio migliore ai cittadini, e rappresenta un importante strumento per l’analisi valutativa dell’efficacia del Programma su cui far affidamento.

Il tema dell’inclusione e della giustizia sociale è, per definizione, al centro dell’Agenda 2030 delle Nazioni Unite per il raggiungimento degli Obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile laddove tali principi sono trasversali a tutti i suddetti Obiettivi. In questo contesto, a partire dal 2015, la Rete delle Università per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile (RUS) opera per promuovere politiche condivise e contesti sociali sostenibili, per accrescere la consapevolezza critica delle disuguaglianze e delle modalità di superamento di sé stesse e per promuovere servizi incentrati sul diritto allo studio. Per questo motivo, la ricerca condotta ha avuto l’obiettivo di indagare le pratiche di inclusione e giustizia sociale tra gli studenti di Sapienza Università di Roma che hanno svolto un periodo di mobilità. Il focus permette di evidenziare le pratiche che gli studenti percepiscono come necessarie per l’Ateneo con l’obiettivo di attuare politiche inclusive volte a rimuovere ogni forma di barriera, accademica e non.

This scientific article focuses on the role of lifelong learning and skills certification in the Tuscany Region, as a tool for addressing the employment challenges of the 21st century. Applying the Theory of Change (Toc) and the theory-based evaluation as an analysis framework, the research aims to demonstrate the usefulness or otherwise of the regional service in terms of lifelong learning. The methodological approach of the ToC is preferred to other possible ones (e.g. counterfactual or realist approach) because it is more in line with highlighting the research of the chains and causal connec-tions that have laid the foundations for the expected change. Through a sur-vey to collect empirical data directly from the beneficiaries of the public measures, opinions and experiences of service participants are examined in depth, evaluating the contribution of the regional program to improving the working conditions of the beneficiaries. The results obtained aim to confirm or deny the validity of the ToC and to provide indications for the Tuscany Region to optimize its policies on the recognition and certification of skills.

The article presents the main evidence of impact of the Akelius scale-up project on primary school students. Akelius is an e-learning platform for teaching Italian L2 to newly arrived students in Italy (NAI) in primary and lower secondary school and a tool for dealing with the consequences of the Ukrainian crisis and the arrival of Ukrainian families. The evaluation adopted a simplified Contribution-Analysis approach, aimed at identifying Akelius e-learning platform contribution to the increase in the proficiency in Italian as second language (ITA L2) of the primary school NAI students who used it in blended learning settings. The most relevant expected assumption-mechanism couples underpinning platform’s use have been confirmed as in force during project’s implementation and most of the external factors/rival explanations that generated ITA L2 proficiency improvement did not signif-icantly reduce Akelius Platform contribution.

The aim of this note is to attempt to reconsider the more traditional literature on economic policy, concerning the field of the main mechanisms related to macroeconomic policies. This reading, over time, has undergone various critical observations, as well as evolutionary processes derived from political-cultural and institutional dynamics. Thus the debate is not oriented between the choice of liberalism or interventionism, but rather on the economic-political-social objectives of intervention strategies. The correlations between economic content and the principles of modern democracies are questioned, and the issue of economic and social ethics is raised again. Economic policy prescriptions will be reconsidered in the light of their socio-economic complexity, and the result of the reflection will be interpreted by a significant evolution of the dimension of economic policy, considering the dynamics of the solidarity economy.

The interview with Michel Camdessus, former Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, explores a few episodes concerning the failed attempts to issue Special Drawing Rights to support development, transition to a market economy and the need to finance global public goods. It also touches upon a few theoretical knots concerning the potential inflationary pressure of such issues and the establishment of a multi-layered framework of economic and monetary governance.